| Nominative (subject) | कर्ता (ने) kartā (ne) | Ram goes. राम जाता है| |
| Accusative (object) | कर्म (को) karma (ko) | Goes to the house. घर को जाता है| |
| Instrumental (by, with) | करण (से, के द्वारा) karaṇa (se, ke dvārā) | Goes by car. कार से जाता है| |
| Dative (for) | सम्प्रदान (को, के लिये) sampradāna (ko, ke liye) | Goes for food. खाने के लिये जाता है. |
| Ablative (from) | अपादान (से) apādāna (se) | Goes from office. कार्यालय से जाता है| |
| Genitive (of) | सम्बन्ध (का,के,की) sambandha (kā,ke,kī) | His pen, his car, his clothes, his cars. उसका पेन, उसकी कार, उसके कपड़े, उसकी कारें| |
| Locative (in, on) | अधिकरण (में, पर, पे) adhikaraṇa (meṃ, para, pe) | Sits on the chair. कुर्सी पर बैठता है| |
| Vocative (Oh) | सम्बोधन sambodhana | Oh Ram, come here. ओ राम, इधर आओ| |
Hindi grammarians from India have laid out Hindi grammar along the lines of Sanskrit grammar. From this view-point, action (verb) is the life of the sentence and other words in the sentence are classified according to how they relate to the verb. Firstly there are nouns which can relate to the verb in six different ways: (1) subject of the verb (nominative), (2) object of the verb (accusative), (3) instrument through which the action is achieved (instrumental), (4) person or thing for which the action is performed (davtive), (5) person or thing from which the subject separates (ablative), and (6) location on which the action is performed (locative).
These six cases are called कारक kāraka and there are two additional cases: genitive or possessive and vocative (to call).
Many non-Indian grammarians lump all the cases other than nominative case and call it the Oblique case.
Please pay special attention to cases in the learning stages. This will enable you to grasp the structure of Hindi easily.
मैंने राम को हाथ से खाने के लिये box से निकाल कर श्याम की bread table पर दी|
There are plenty of examples illustrating different cases in the notes on pronouns and Hindi Sentence Factory.
(to be)-होना, (to bring)-लाना, (to buy)-खरीदना, (to call)-बुलाना, (to come)-आना, (to cook)-पकाना, (to cry)-रोना, (to desire)-चाहना, (to distribute)-बाँटना, (to do)-करना, (to drink)-पीना, (to eat)-खाना, (to fall)-गिरना, (to fight)-लड़ना, (to fly)-उडना, (to give)-देना, (to hear)-सुनना, (to keep)-रखना, (to know)-जानना, (to look )-देखना, (to say)-कहना, (to sing)-गाना, (to sleep)-सोना, (to study)-पढ़ना, (to take)-लेना, (to write)-लिखना| (I)-मैं, (We)-हम, (You)-तू/तुम/आप, (He/She/It)-यह/वह, (They)-ये/वे|
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मैं/हम, तू/तुम/आप, यह/वह, ये/वे| |
होता/ती/ते/तीं, लाता/ती/ते/तीं, खरीदता/ती/ते/तीं, बुलाता/ती/ते/तीं, आता/ती/ते/तीं, पकाता/ती/ते/तीं, रोता/ती/ते/तीं, चाहता/ती/ते/तीं, बाँटता/ती/ते/तीं, करता/ती/ते/तीं, पीता/ती/ते/तीं, खाता/ती/ते/तीं, गिरता/ती/ते/तीं, लड़ता/ती/ते/तीं, उडता/ती/ते/तीं, देता/ती/ते/तीं, सुनता/ती/ते/तीं, रखता/ती/ते/तीं, जानता/ती/ते/तीं, देखता/ती/ते/तीं, कहता/ती/ते/तीं, गाता/ती/ते/तीं, सोता/ती/ते/तीं, पढ़ता/ती/ते/तीं, लेता/ती/ते/तीं, लिखता/ती/ते/तीं |
हूँ/ है /हैं| |
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मैं/हम, तू/तुम/आप, यह/वह, ये/वे| |
sweets/boxes/boys/grils/car/drinks/apples को लाता/ती/ते/तीं, sweets/boxes/boys/grils/car/drinks/apples को खरीदता/ती/ते/तीं, boys/girls/friend/waiter/teller/customers को बुलाता/ती/ते/तीं, school/hospital/shops/house/Canberra/station को आता/ती/ते/तीं, food/vegetable/chapati/curry को पकाता/ती/ते/तीं, friend/mother/father/sister/brother/teacher को चाहता/ती/ते/तीं, sweets/boxes/boys/grils/car/drinks/apples को बाँटता/ती/ते/तीं, work/shopping/teaching/learning/jogging को करता/ती/ते/तीं, water/coke/coffee/beer/juice/tea को पीता/ती/ते/तीं, food/vegetable/chapati/curry को खाता/ती/ते/तीं, sweets/boxes/boys/grils/car/drinks/apples को देता/ती/ते/तीं, songs/speech/noise/talk/music को सुनता/ती/ते/तीं, sweets/boxes/boys/grils/car/drinks/apples को रखता/ती/ते/तीं, people/politicians/shop-keeper/teacher को जानता/ती/ते/तीं, river/mountain/house/road/students को देखता/ती/ते/तीं, friend/mother/father/sister/brother/teacher को कहता/ती/ते/तीं, songs/poems को गाता/ती/ते/तीं, books/magazines/speech/advertisement/poem को पढ़ता/ती/ते/तीं, sweets/boxes/boys/grils/car/drinks/apples को लेता/ती/ते/तीं, letters/song/speech/essay/test/article को लिखता/ती/ते/तीं |
हूँ/है/हैं| |
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मैं/हम, तू/तुम/आप, यह/वह, ये/वे| |
hands/car/train/bus से लाता/ती/ते/तीं rupees/dollars/cash/cheque/credit card से खरीदता/ती/ते/तीं walking/car/train/bus से आता/ती/ते/तीं stove/oven/open fire/wood/coal/gas/electricity से पकाता/ती/ते/तीं eyes/heart से रोता/ती/ते/तीं hands/plier/screw driver/driller/machine से करता/ती/ते/तीं hands/spoon/fork से खाता/ती/ते/तीं hands/gun/bombs से लड़ता/ती/ते/तीं plane/wings/rocket/helicotper से उडता/ती/ते/तीं hands/cheque/donation/without receipt/sincerity से देता/ती/ते/तीं reading/listening/books/speech/research/meditation से जानता/ती/ते/तीं eyes/glasses/spectacles से देखता/ती/ते/तीं pen/pencil/computer से लिखता/ती/ते/तीं |
हूँ/है/हैं| |
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मैं/हम, तू/तुम/आप, यह/वह, ये/वे| |
cooking/reading/eating के लिये लाता/ती/ते/तीं children/wife/husband/gift के लिये खरीदता/ती/ते/तीं eating/meeting/fighting/talking के लिये बुलाता/ती/ते/तीं meeting/talking/farewell/study/sleeping के लिये आता/ती/ते/तीं party/feast/dinner/lunch के लिये पकाता/ती/ते/तीं family/class/group/children के लिये बाँटता/ती/ते/तीं family/school के लिये करता/ती/ते/तीं country/state/ideals/school के लिये लड़ता/ती/ते/तीं travel/fighting/fun के लिये उडता/ती/ते/तीं John/Ram/Shyam/Julia को देता/ती/ते/तीं learning/sympathy के लिये सुनता/ती/ते/तीं future/safety/association/family के लिये रखता/ती/ते/तीं passing/boasting/school के लिये जानता/ती/ते/तीं book/exam/magazine/blog के लिये लिखता/ती/ते/तीं |
हूँ/है/हैं| |
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मैं/हम, तू/तुम/आप, यह/वह, ये/वे| |
goodwill/efforts/laziness से होता/ती/ते/तीं fridge/shops/markets/basket/cupboard से लाता/ती/ते/तीं shops/market से खरीदता/ती/ते/तीं house/school/play ground/office से बुलाता/ती/ते/तीं hospital/club/house/sports/lesson से आता/ती/ते/तीं glass/bottle/jug से पीता/ती/ते/तीं plate/box/table/paper plate से खाता/ती/ते/तीं tree/table/roof/bus/train से गिरता/ती/ते/तीं book/magazine/article/speech से पढ़ता/ती/ते/तीं box/fridge/plate/bag से लेता/ती/ते/तीं |
हूँ/है/हैं| |
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मैं/हम, तू/तुम/आप, यह/वह, ये/वे| |
day/night में /bank पर होता/ती/ते/तीं house में /roof पर लाता/ती/ते/तीं shops में /Internet पर खरीदता/ती/ते/तीं office में /phone पर बुलाता/ती/ते/तीं hospital में /road पर आता/ती/ते/तीं kitchen में पकाता/ती/ते/तीं heart में चाहता/ती/ते/तीं birthday पर बाँटता/ती/ते/तीं public service/university में work करता/ती/ते/तीं bar/restaurant में पीता/ती/ते/तीं hotel/house में खाता/ती/ते/तीं pool में /stairs पर गिरता/ती/ते/तीं war में /soccer field पर लड़ता/ती/ते/तीं sky में उडता/ती/ते/तीं hands में /loan पर देता/ती/ते/तीं hall में /radio पर सुनता/ती/ते/तीं bank में /register पर रखता/ती/ते/तीं movie में /wall पर देखता/ती/ते/तीं ear में /phone पर कहता/ती/ते/तीं hall में /radio पर गाता/ती/ते/तीं room में /bed पर सोता/ती/ते/तीं book में /board पर पढ़ता/ती/ते/तीं hands में /table पर लेता/ती/ते/तीं note book में /paper पर लिखता/ती/ते/तीं |
हूँ/है/हैं| |