Hindi Cases or Post positions

Sunday 31 May 2009

Himanshu R Pota - himanshu.pota@gmail.com

[ Cases Table | Vocabulary | ##kartaa (ne) ## (Nominative case) | ##karma (ko) ## (Accusative case) | ##karaNa (se, ke dvaaraa) ## (Instrumental case) | ##sampradaana (ko, ke liye) ## (Dative case) | ##apaadaana (####se####) ## (Ablative case) | ##sambandha (kaa, ke, kii) ## (Genitive case) | ##adhikaraNa (meM, para, pe) ## (Locative case) ]

Cases

Hindi grammarians from India have laid out Hindi grammar along the lines of Sanskrit grammar. From this view-point, action (verb) is the life of the sentence and other words in the sentence are classified according to how they relate to the verb. Firstly there are nouns which can relate to the verb in six different ways: (1) subject of the verb (nominative), (2) object of the verb (accusative), (3) instrument through which the action is achieved (instrumental), (4) person or thing for which the action is performed (davtive), (5) person or thing from which the subject separates (ablative), and (6) location on which the action is performed (locative).

These six cases are called #sanskrit kaaraka #endsanskrit #roman kaaraka #endroman and there are two additional cases: genitive or possessive and vocative (to call).

Many non-Indian grammarians lump all the cases other than nominative case and call it the Oblique case.

Please pay special attention to cases in the learning stages. This will enable you to grasp the structure of Hindi easily.

##maiMne raama ko haatha se khaane ke liye ##box ##se nikaala kara shyaama kii ##bread ## ##table ## para dii|##

There are plenty of examples illustrating different cases in the notes on pronouns and Hindi Sentence Factory.

Vocabulary

(to be)-##honaa##, (to bring)-##laanaa##, (to buy)-##khariidanaa##, (to call)-##bulaanaa##, (to come)-##aanaa##, (to cook)-##pakaanaa##, (to cry)-##ronaa##, (to desire)-##caahanaa##, (to distribute)-##baa.NTanaa##, (to do)-##karanaa##, (to drink)-##piinaa##, (to eat)-##khaanaa##, (to fall)-##giranaa##, (to fight)-##la.Danaa##, (to fly)-##uDanaa##, (to give)-##denaa##, (to hear)-##sunanaa##, (to keep)-##rakhanaa##, (to know)-##jaananaa##, (to look )-##dekhanaa##, (to say)-##kahanaa##, (to sing)-##gaanaa##, (to sleep)-##sonaa##, (to study)-##pa.Dhanaa##, (to take)-##lenaa##, (to write)-##likhanaa| ## (I)-##maiM##, (We)-##hama##, (You)-##tuu/tuma/aapa##, (He/She/It)-##yaha/vaha##, (They)-##ye/ve|##

##kartaa (ne) ## (Nominative case)

1. ##maiM laataa/laatii huu.N| hama/aapa/ye/ve laate/laatiiM haiM| tuu/vaha/yaha laataa/laatii hai| ##

##karma (ko) ## (Accusative case)

1. ##maiM ##gifts ## ko ## ##laataa/laatii huu.N| hama/aapa/ye/ve ##gifts ## ko ## ##laate/laatiiM haiM| tuu/vaha/yaha ##gifts ## ko ## ## laataa/laatii hai| ##

##karaNa (se, ke dvaaraa) ## (Instrumental case)

1. ##maiM ## hands/car/train/bus ## se #### laataa/laatii huu.N| hama/aapa/ye/ve ## hands/car/train/bus ## se #### laate/laatiiM haiM| tuu/vaha/yaha ## hands/car/train/bus ## se #### laataa/laatii hai| ##

##sampradaana (ko, ke liye) ## (Dative case)

1. ##maiM ## cooking ## ke liye #### laataa/laatii huu.N| hama/aapa/ye/ve ## cooking ## ke liye #### laate/laatiiM haiM| tuu/vaha/yaha ## cooking ## ke liye #### laataa/laatii hai| ##
2. ##maiM raama ####ko #### detaa/detii huu.N| hama/aapa/ye/ve raama ####ko #### dete/detiiM haiM| tuu/vaha/yaha raama ####ko #### detaa/detii hai| ##

##apaadaana (####se####) ## (Ablative case)

1. ##maiM ##fridge ## se #### laataa/laatii huu.N| hama/aapa/ye/ve ##fridge ## se #### laate/laatiiM haiM| tuu/vaha/yaha ##fridge ## se #### laataa/laatii hai| ##

1. ##hama ##textbook ## ## ##se #### pa.Dhate haiM| ##
2. ##vaha ##apple ## ko ##basket ## ## ##se #### letaa hai| ##
3. ##ve ##school ## ## ##se #### calate hai.N| ##
4. ##maiM ##library ## ## ##se #### ##book ## ko pa.Dhataa huu.N| ##
5. ##vaha ##batsman ## ## ##se #### ##ball ## ko paka.Datii hai| ##
6. ##maiM ##school ## ## ##se #### milii ##problem ## ko socataa huu.N| ##
7. ##maiM ##milk ## ko ##carton ## ## ##se #### piitii huu.N| ##
8. ##maiM ##restuarant ## ## ##se #### ##dinner ## ko khaatii huu.N| ##
9. ##maiM ghara ## ##se #### ##movie ## ko dekhatii huu.N| ##
10. ##maiM ##school ## ## ##se #### calatii huu.N| ##
11. ##maiM kenbaraa ## ##se #### basa meM pa.Dhatii huu.N| ##
12. ##maiM ##Darrell ## ko ghara ## ##se #### jaate dekhatii huu.N| ##
13. ##maiM ghara ## ##se #### calataa huu.N| ##
14. ##hama kenbaraa ## ##se #### siDanii ko khojate haiM| ##
15. ##vaha ##bike ## ko priyaa ke ghara ## ##se #### lete haiM| ##

##sambandha (kaa, ke, kii) ## (Genitive case)

1. ##maiM laataa/laatii huu.N| hama/aapa/ye/ve laate/laatiiM haiM| tuu/vaha/yaha laataa/laatii hai| ##
2. life ## kaa ## end/life ## kii ## ending/rose ## ke ## petal ##hai/haiM| ##
3. ##yaha ## life ## kaa ## end/life ## kii ## ending/rose ## ke ## petal ##hotaa/tii hai|##
4. Box ## kaa ## cover/box ## kii ## receipt/box ## ke ## container ##hai/haiM| ##
5. ##vaha ## box ## ke ## cover/box ## kii ## receipt/box ## ke ## container ## ko ## ##laataa/tii hai|##
6. Bata ## kaa ## shoe/Carona ## kii ## cappala/Nike ## ke ## shoes ##hai/haiM| ##
7. ##vaha ## Bata ## ke ## shoe/Carona ## kii ## cappala/Nike ## ke ## shoes ## ko ## ##khariidataa/tii hai|##
8. Ram ## kaa ## child/school ## kii ## girl/school ## kii ## girls/school ## ke ## boys ##hai/haiM| ##
9. ##vaha ## Ram ## ke ## child/school ## kii ## girl/school ## kii ## girls/school ## ke ## boys ## ko ## ##bulaataa/tii hai|##
10. fruit ## kaa ## salad/eggplant ## kii ## vegetable/potatoe ## ke ## pieces ##hai/haiM|##
11. ##vaha ## fruit ## ke ## salad/eggplant ## kii ## vegetable/potatoe ## ke ## pieces ## ko ## ##pakaataa hai|##
12. house ## kaa ## block/CD ## kii ## copies/bank ## ke ## shares ##hai/haiM| ##
13. ##vaha ## house ## ke ## block/CD ## kii ## copies/bank ## ke ## shares ## baa.NTataa/tii hai/haiM| ##
14. Ram ## kaa ## work/Shyam ## kii ## service/Mohan ## ke ## odd jobs ##hai/haiM| ##
15. ##vaha ## Ram ## ke ## work/Shyam ## kii ## service/Mohan ## ke ## odd jobs ## ko ## ##karate/tiiM hai|##
16. fruit ## kaa ## juice/cooler ## kaa ## water/ice ## kaa ## water ##hai/haiM| ##
17. ##vaha ## fruit ## ke ## juice/cooler ## ke ## water/ice ## ke ## water ## ko ## ##piitaa/tii hai/haiM|##
18. hotel ## kaa ## food/house ## kii ## chapati/Mary ## ke ## cake ##hai/haiM| ##
19. ##maiM ## hotel ## ke ## food/house ## kii ## chapati/Mary ## ke ## cake ## ko ## ##khaataa/tii huu.N|##
20. bank ## kaa ## note/bank ## ke ## note/hotel ## kii ## receipt ##hai/haiM| ##
21. ##vaha ## bank ## ke ## note/bank ## ke ## note/hotel ## kii ## receipt ## ko ## ##detaa/tii hai| ##
22. RK Narayan ## kii ## story/friend ## kaa ## narration/magazine ## ke ## articles ##hai/haiM| ##
23. ##ve ## RK Narayan ## kii ## story/friend ## ke ## narration/magazine ## ke ## articles ## ko ## ##sunate/tiiM haiM|##
24. Shyam ## kaa ## house/Mohan ## kii ## hotel/Sohan ## ke ## rooms ##hai/haiM| ##
25. ##vaha ## Shyam ## ke ## house/Mohan ## kii ## hotel/Sohan ## ke ## rooms ## ko ## ##rakhataa/tii hai|##
26. Shakspeare ## kaa ## quote/Dickens ## ke ## quote/Twain ## kii ## stories ##hai/haiM| ##
27. ##maiM ## Shakspeare ## ke ## quote/Dickens ## ke ## quote/Twain ## kii ## stories ## ko ## ##jaanataa/tii huu.N|##
28. Hindi ## kaa ## play/English ## kii ## movies/China ## ke ## opera ##hai/haiM| ##
29. ##hama ## Hindi ## ke ## play/English ## kii ## movies/China ## ke ## opera ## ko ## ##dekhate haiM|##
30. Rahamaan ## kaa ## song/English ## kii ## poems/Hindi films ## ke ## songs ##hai/haiM| ##
31. ##aapa ## Rahamaan ## ke ## song/English ## kii ## poems/Hindi films ## ke ## songs ## ko ## ##gaate haiM|##
32. Hindi ## kaa ## sentence/Urdu ## kii ## poem/Dickens ## ke ## novel ##hai/haiM| ##
33. ##aapa ## Hindi ## ke ## sentence/Urdu ## kii ## poem/Dickens ## ke ## novel ## ko ## ##pa.Dhate/tiiM haiM|##
34. Ram ## kaa ## name/Shyam ## kii ## book/Krishna ## ke ## blessings ##hai/haiM| ##
35. ##vaha ## Ram ## ke ## name/Shyam ## kii ## book/Krishna ## ke ## blessings ## ko ## ##letaa/tii hai|##
36. Shop ## kaa ## account/News ## kii ## story/Journal ## ke ## article ##hai/haiM| ##
37. ##vaha ## Shop ## ke ## account/News ## kii ## story/Journal ## ke ## article ## ko ## ##likhataa/tii hai|##
38. ##maiM ##India ## kii ##history ## ko pa.Dhatii huu.N| ##
39. ##maiM ##Jeremy ## ke ##apple ## ko letii huu.N| ##
40. ##ve ##Jeremy ## ke ##house ## ko calate haiM| ##
41. ##maiM latikaajii kii kitaaba ko pa.Dhataa huu.N| ##
42. ##vaha ##bowler ## kii ##ball ## ko paka.Datii hai| ##
43. ##maiM ##exam ## kii ##problem ## ko socataa huu.N| ##
44. ##maiM maa.N kii caaya ko piitii huu.N| ##
45. ##maiM rishenajii kii kulphii ko khaatii huu.N| ##
46. ##maiM shaarukha khaanajii kii ##movie ## ko dekhatii huu.N| ##
47. ##maiM mammii kii ##shop ## ko calatii huu.N| ##
48. ##maiM taaraa kii kitaaba pa.Dhatii huu.N| ##
49. ##mai ##Sarah ## ke ##dog ## ko dekhatii huu.N| ##
50. ##vaha saMgiitaa ke ##clothes ## ko ghara se lete haiM| ##
51. ##maiM priyaa ke ghara ko calataa huu.N| ##
52. ##hama priyaa ke ghara ko khojate haiM| ##

##adhikaraNa (meM, para, pe) ## (Locative case)

1. ##maiM ## house ## meM laataa/laatii huu.N| hama/aapa/ye/ve ## house ## meM laate/laatiiM haiM| tuu/vaha/yaha ## house ## meM laataa/laatii hai| ##