Pronouns sarvanāma
Saturday 3 May 2008
Himanshu R Pota - himanshu.pota@gmail.com
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In this note pronouns are divided into sections according to
the common divisions
of English pronouns. In each section first pronouns are listed and
then their declenation in seven cases; there is no Vocative case for
pronouns.
Each section has examples and exercises. Please do exercises without
fail to get familiar with the usage.
Please revise cases before working with this note on pronouns. In the declension tables given for pronouns below it must be understood that kā stands for all kā/ke/kī and meṃ stands for both meṃ/para|
vibhakti (Cases)
(1) kartā - ne - Nominative (Subject)
(2) karma - ko - Accusative (Object)
(3) karaṇa - se, ke dvārā - Instrumental (with)
(4) sampradāna - ko, ke liye - Dative (for)
(5) apādāna - se - Ablative (from)
(6) sambandha - kā, ke, kī - Possessive (of)
(7) adhikaraṇa - meṃ, para - Locative (in, on, under)
(8) sambodhana - e, o - Vocative
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Personal Pronouns
| Pronoun |
Nominative | Accusat.
| Instrum. |
Dative | Ablat. | Possessive | Locative |
He/She/
It/That |
vaha-usane | usako
| usase | usako-usake
liye | usase | usakā/ke/kī | usa meṃ/para |
| They |
ve-unhoṃne | unako
| unase | unako-unake
liye | unase | unakā/ke/kī | una meṃ/para |
He/She/
It/This |
yaha-isane | isako
| isase | isako-isake
liye | isase | isakā/ke/kī | isa meṃ/para |
| They |
ye-inhoṃne | inako
| inase | inako-inake
liye | inase | inakā/ke/kī | ina meṃ/para |
| You |
āpa-āpane | āpako | āpase | āpako-āpake liye | āpase
| āpakā/ke/kī | āpa meṃ/para |
| You |
tuma-tumane | tumako | tumase | tumako-tumhāre liye | tumase
| tumhārā/re/rī | tuma meṃ/para |
| You |
tuma-tumane | tumheṃ | tumhase | tumhāre liye | tumhase
| tumhārā/re/rī | tumhāre meṃ/para |
| You |
tū-tūne | tereko
| terese | tereko-tere
liye | terese | terā/re/rī | tere meṃ/para |
| I |
maiṃ-maiṃne | mereko
| merese | mereko-mere liye
| merese | merā/re/rī |
mere meṃ/para |
| I |
maiṃ-maiṃne | mujhako-mujhe
| mujhase | mujhe-mujhako
| mujhase |
merā/re/rī | mujha meṃ/para |
| We |
hama-hamane | hamako
| hamase |
hamako-hamāre liye
| hamase |
hamārā/re/rī | hama meṃ/para |
| We |
apana-apanane | apaneko
| apanese |
apaneko-apane liye
| apanese |
apanā/ne/nī | apane meṃ/para |
Examples
He is a good boy. = vaha acchā la.Dakā/bālaka hai|
Hari tells him. = hari usako kahatā hai|
Hari works with it. = hari usase kāma karatā hai|
Hari does work for him. = hari usake liye kāma karatā hai|
Hari gets from him. = hari usase letā hai|
Hari gets his pen. = hari usakā pena letā hai|
Hari sits on him. = hari usapara baiṭhatā hai|
Exercise
Take the above seven sentences and do the following:
- Make them as plurals, e.g.,
They are good boys. ve acche la.Dake haiṃ|
Hari tells them. hari unako kahatā hai|
- Write them with singular first and second person pronouns, e.g.,
I am a good boy. maiṃ acchā la.Dakā hū.N|
Hari tells me. hari mujhe kahatā hai|
You are a good boy. tuma acche la.Dake ho|
Hari tells you. hari āpako kahatā hai|
- Write them with plural first and second person pronouns, e.g.,
We are good boys. hama acche la.Dake haiṃ|
Hari tells us. hari hamako kahatā hai|
You are good boys. āpa acche la.Dake haiṃ|
Hari tells you. hari āpako kahatā hai|
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Demonstrative Pronouns
yaha this,ye these,vaha that, ve those.
Please see their declination in the personal pronouns section.
Examples
This is my cow. yaha merī gāya hai|
These are my clothes. ye mere kapa.De haiṃ|
That is my school. vaha merā vidyālaya hai|
Those are my friends. ve mere mitra haiṃ|
I like this. yaha mereko pasanda hai|
I see with this. maiṃ isase dekhatā hū.N|
I give money to this man. maiṃ isa ādamī ko paise detā hū.N|
I get money from this man. maiṃ isa ādamī se paise letā hū.N|
Dog of this man. isa ādamī kā kuttā|
I sat on this. maiṃ isapara baiṭhā|
Exercise
Make sentences is singular and plural and in all seven cases with the
above four demonstrative pronouns and translate them into Hindi.
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Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
svayaṃ, khuda, āpa are added after the pronoun to give the sense
of myself, yourself, himself, etc. They are used both as reflexive and
intensive pronouns.
| Pronoun |
Nominative | Accusat.
| Instrum. |
Dative | Ablat. | Possess. | Locative |
| Self |
khuda-khudane | khudako | khudase | khudako-khuda ke
liye | khudase | khuda
kā/kī/ke | khudameṃ |
| Self | svayaṃ-svayaṃ
ne | svayaṃ ko |
svayaṃ se | svayaṃ ko-svayaṃ ke liye | svayaṃ se | svayaṃ kā/kī/ke | svayaṃ meṃ |
Examples
He himself does it. vaha khuda karatā hai|
They themselves do work. ve khuda kāma karate hai|
You yourself eat here. āpa khuda yahā.N khāte hai|
I myself sleep here. maiṃ khuda yahā.N sotā hū.N|
We ourselves live here. hama khuda yahā.N rahate haiṃ|
He gave himself a gift. usane khudako upahāra diyā|
Exercise
Look at the example and exercise sentences from the personal
pronouns section and while reading them make them into their reflexive
and intensive
forms. Remember always read ALOUD.
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Interrogative Pronouns
The interrogative pronoun stands in for the answer to the
question. In English there are five interrogative pronouns:
who kauna, whom kisako, which kaunasā, what kyā, whose kisakā.
Of these five only the three: who kauna, which kaunasā, what
kyā. are basic; whom kisako and whose kisakā are who
kauna in different cases.
| Pronoun |
Nominative |
Accusat. |
Instrum. |
Dative |
Ablat. |
Possess. |
Locative |
| What |
kyā |
kyā | kāhese |
kāheko-kāheke liye |
kāhese |
kāhekā |
kāhemeṃ |
| What |
kyā |
kyā |
kisase |
kisako-kisake liye |
kisase |
kisakā |
kisameṃ |
| Who (s) |
kauna/kisane | kisako | kisase | kisako-kisake
liye | kisase |
kisakā | kisameṃ |
| Who (p) |
kauna/kinhoṃne | kinheṃ/kinako | kinase | kinako-kinake liye | kinase | kinakā | kinameṃ |
| Which | kaunasā | kaunase ko | kaunase se | kaunase ko/ke liye | kaunase se | kaunase kā | kaunase meṃ |
| Who |
kaunasā | kisa ko |
kisa se | kisa ko/ke liye |
kisa se | kisa kā |
kisa meṃ |
Please see the distinction between what and which: what is used when
there are infinite possibilities but which is used for finite possibilities.
Examples
Who is here? yahā.N kauna hai?
What is here? yahā.N kyā hai?
Which child is here? yahā.N kaunasā bālaka hai?
Which book is here? yahā.N kaunasī pustaka hai?
Who kauna Examples
Who is here? = yahā.N kauna hai?
Whom does Hari know? = hari kisako jānatā hai?
By whom will Ram do? = rāma kisase kāma karegā?
For whom does Ram work? = rāma kisake liye kāma karatā hai?
From whom does Gopala get money? = gopāla kisase paise pātā hai?
Whose house is this? = yaha ghara kisakā hai?
In whom does Rama trust? = rāma kisameṃ viśvāsa kare?
Exercise
Write the above seven sentences by replacing who and whom by which and then
translate them into Hindi, e.g.,
Which girl is here? yahā.N kaunasī la.Dakī hai?
Which child does Hari know? hari kisa bālakako jānatā hai?
What kyā Examples
What is there? vahā.N kyā hai?
To what are you going? āpa kisako jā rahe haiṃ?
By what do you work? āpa kisase kāma karate haiṃ?
For what do you give? āpa kisake liye de rahe haiṃ?
From what do you get? āpa kisase pāte haiṃ?
Of what is this box? yaha ḍabbā kisakā hai?
In what do you live? āpa kisameṃ rahate haiṃ?
Which kaunasā Examples
Which is the house? kaunasā ghara hai?
To which house is Mohan going? mohana kisa ghara ko jā rahā hai?
By which tool does Sohan work? sohana kisa auzāra se kāma karatā hai?
Keshav works for which child? keśava kisa bālaka ke liye kāma karatā hai?
Hari came from which house? hari kisa gharase āyā hai?
Harish takes which child's book? harīśa kisa bālakakī kitāba
letā hai?
Ram keeps trust in which child? rāma kisa bālaka meṃ viśvāsa
rakhatā hai?
Exercise
Write sentences in all seven cases for each of the pronouns: who,
what, and which. Translate them into Hindi and read them ALOUD.
Examples
What is your name? āpakā nāma kyā hai?(infinite
possibilities)
Which is your house? āpakā ghara kaunasā hai?(finite
possibilities)
Which is your book? āpakī pustaka kaunasī hai?(finite
possibilities)
Take whichever is your book? jo āpakī kitāba hai vaha le lijie|
Whom did you invite to the party? pārṭī meṃ kisako bulāyā hai?
Which did you prefer? āpako kyā pasanda āyā|
Which book do you like? āpako kaunasī kitāba pasanda hai?
Who did what to whom? kisane kisako kyā kiyā|
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Indefinite pronouns
koī (someone), kucha (something)
| Pronoun |
Nominative | Accusat.
| Instrum. |
Dative | Ablat. | Possess. | Locative |
| Someone (s) |
koī/kisīne | kisīko |
kisīse | kisīko-kisī ke liye | kisīse | kisīkā | kisīmeṃ |
| Someone (p) |
kinhīṃ ko | inhīṃ ko |
kinhīṃ se | kinhīṃko-kinhīṃ ke liye | kinhīṃ se | kinhīṃ kā | kinhīṃ meṃ |
kuchais normally added before an object to give the sense of "some".
Examples
Someone will come to collect this book. koī yaha pustaka lene āyegā|
Something is touching me. kucha cīza mujhe chū rahī hai|
Tell this to someone. kisīko yaha kaho|
This belongs to someone. yaha kisīkā hai|
Exercise
Make sentences in all seven cases with koī (someone), kucha
(something). Translate them to Hindi and read them ALOUD.
Reciprocal Pronouns
each otherāpasameṃ, one another eka-dūsare ko, andara hī andara
Examples
They love each other. ve āpasameṃ prema karate haiṃ|
Ram and Mohan respect each other. rāma aura mohana eka dūsare kā
ādara karate haiṃ|
We are commanded to love one another. hama eka dūsare ko prema
kareṃ aisā hameṃ kahā gayā hai|
Exercise
Make five sentences with reciprocal pronouns and translate them into
Hindi and read them ALOUD.
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Relative Pronouns
jo, so pair, and jisa, usa pair
aisā - like this, vaisā - like that. Here the relative
pronoun so (that) is declined but most of the times vaha or
yaha can be used instead of so|
| Pronoun |
Nominative | Accusat.
| Instrum. |
Dative | Ablat. | Possess. | Locative |
| Who (s) |
jo-jisane | jisako |
jisase | jisako-jisa ke liye | jisase | jisakā | jisameṃ |
| Who (p) |
jo-jinhoṃne | jinheṃ/jinako | jinase | jinako-jina ke
liye | jinase |
jinakā | jinameṃ |
| That (s) |
so-tisane | tisako |
tisase | tisako-tisa ke liye | tisase | tisakā | tisameṃ |
| That (p) | so-tinhoṃne | tinheṃ/tinako | tinase | tinako-tina ke liye | tinase | tinakā | tinameṃ |
Examples
Get him who said it to you. jisane yaha kahā usako lāo|
What you are so is he. jo āpa haiṃ so vaha hai|
He who plays wins. jo khelatā hai vaha jītatā hai|
That is the person I talked about. jisa vyakti ke bāre meṃ maiṃne
kahā thā vo vaha hai|
Do it as he said. usane jaisā kahā hai vaisā karo|
He said this way then do it that way. usane aise kahā to vaise hī karo|
It is a book that is difficult to ignore. yaha aisī pustaka hai
jisako nazarandāza nahīṃ kiyā jā sakatā|
The dog, which is a terrier, is four years old. yaha kuttā jo
ṭerīyara hai vaha cāra sāla kā hai|
I will consider renting or buying, whichever works out best. ghara
kharīdanā yā kirāye para lenā ina donoṃ para vicāra
karū.Ngā, jo bhī behatara rahe|
The girl who told me the story lives down the street. jisa
la.Dakī ne mujhe yaha kahānī sunāī thī vaha isī sa.Daka para pāsa
meṃ rahatī hai|
The girl whom I chose will get a present. vaha la.Dakī jisake
liye maiṃ upahāra lāū.Ngā|
I am not sure whose that is. yaha kyā hai maiṃ niścita hokara
nahīṃ kaha sakatā|
Exercise
Make twenty sentences using relative pronouns, translate them into
Hindi, and read them ALOUD.
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Distributive Pronouns
hara eka-each, koī bhī-either, koī bhī nahīṃ-neither.
| Pronoun |
Nominative | Accusat.
| Instrum. |
Dative | Ablat. | Possess. | Locative |
| Each (s) |
hara eka | hara ekako |
hara ekase | hara ekako-hara eka ke liye | hara ekase | hara ekakā | hara ekameṃ |
| Either (s) |
koī/kisane bhī | kisīko bhī |
kisīse bhī | kisīko-kisī ke liye bhī | kisīse bhī | kisīkā bhī | kisīmeṃ bhī |
| Either (p) |
kinhīṃ ko bhī | inhīṃ ko bhī |
kinhīṃ se bhī | kinhīṃko-kinhīṃ ke liye bhī | kinhīṃ se bhī | kinhīṃ kā bhī | kinhīṃ meṃ bhī |
Examples
Each of the boys gets a prize. hara eka bālaka ko prize milatā hai|
Each took it in turn. hara eka ne bārī-bārī se liyā|
Either of these roads leads to the railway station. koī bhī road railway station jātī hai|
Either of you can go. āpa meṃ se koī bhī jā sakatā hai|
Neither of accusations is true. koī bhī accusation true nahīṃ hai|
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Something Extra
Here are words for things like: that Ram, that much, like that, etc.
| Pronoun |
Form | Much
| Like |
| yaha (This) |
isa | itanā
| aisā |
vaha (That) |
usa | utanā
| vaisā |
so (That) |
tisa | titanā
| taisā |
jo (Who) |
jisa | jitanā
| jaisā |
kauna (Who) |
kisa | kitanā
| kaisā |
Examples
- That Mohan is going. vaha mohana jā rahā hai|
- Give this book to that Laxmi. yaha pustaka usa lakṣmī ko do|
- He gave gifts to those students. isane una chātroṃ ko upahāra diye|
- He works with those balls. vaha ina geṃdoṃ se kāma karate hai||
- We people ate food. hama logoṃ ne khānā khāyā|
- Talk to us teachers. hama śikṣakoṃ se bāta karo|
- Don't take money from us public servants. hama sarakārī naukaroṃ se paise mata lo|
- This land belongs to us farmers. yaha zamīna hama kisānoṃ kī hai|
- Put this on those boxes. isako una ḍabboṃ para rakho|
- This is a house. yaha ghara hai|
- Ram reads this book. rāma isa kitāba ko pa.Dhatā hai|
- Ram reads that much. rāma itanā pa.Dhatā hai|
- Ram is like this. rāma aisā hai|
- That is Sita. vaha sītā hai|
- Give it to that Sita. yaha usa sītā ko do|
- Sita writes that much. sītā utanā likhatī hai|
- Sita is like that. sītā vaisī hai|
- The boy you talked about is this. jisa la.Dake kī bāta karī
thī vo yaha hai|
- The thing you wanted is this much. jo cīza āpako cāhie thī
vaha titanī hai|
- The book you read is like this. jo kitāba āpa pa.Dhate ho
vaha taisī hai|
- Take as much as you want. jitanā cāhie utanā le lo|
- Make it as you like it. jaisā pasanda hai vaisā banāo|
- Which book do you like? kisa kitāba ko pasanda karate ho?
- How much water is there? vahā.N kitanā pānī hai?
- Which type of room did you get? āpako kaisā kamarā milā?
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An Approximate Translation of English Pronouns
all saba; another anya; any koī bhī; anybody koī
bhī; anyone koī bhī;
anything kucha bhī; both dono; each hara eka; each other
eka dūsarā;
either yā; everybody saba; everyone hara koī;
everything hara cīza;
few kucha; he vaha; her usako; hers usakā;
herself vaha khuda; him usako; himself vaho khuda; his vaha; I maiṃ; it yaha; its usakā;
itself vaha khuda; little thoḍā; many bahuta; me mereko; mine merā;
more aura; most sabase zyādā; much bahuta; myself
maiṃ khuda; neither nahīṃ;
no nahīṃ; one eka; nobody koī nahīṃ; none koī
nahīṃ; nothing kucha nahīṃ; one
eka; one another eka dūsarā; other dūsarā; others
dūsarekā; ours
hamārā; ourselves hama khuda; several bahuta; she vaha; some kucha;
somebody koī; someone koī; something kucha; that vaha; theirs
unakā; them unako; themselves unako khuda; these ye; they ve;
this yaha; those ve; us hamako; we hama; what kyā; whatever
kucha bhī; which kaunasā; whichever kaunasā bhī/jo;
who kauna; whoever koī bhī/jisako;
whom kisako; whomever kisīko bhī; whose kisakā; you
āpa, tuma; yours āpakā, tumhārā;
yourself āpa khuda, tuma khuda; yourselves āpa khuda, tuma
khuda;
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Last Modified: 07:50:06 2009/06/10